羊草草原碳循环过程的模拟与验证

根据内蒙古典型羊草草原碳通量和生物量观测数据,验证VIP(Vegetation Interface Proces-ses)模型,并模拟分析1958—2007年该生态系统碳循环特征及其与环境因子的相关关系。结果显示:VIP模型能够较准确地模拟地上生物量(R2=0.70)和净生态系统生产力NEP(R2=0.57)的变化趋势。羊草草原生态系统总初级生产力(GPP)、净初级生产力(NPP)和生态系统呼吸(Re)在1958—1973年间下降,1973—1993年间增长,1993年后又出现下降的趋势。与环境因子的相关性分析表明,GPP、NPP和Re随CO2和降水的增多而增大,随温度升高和降水的减少而降低,其中降水量与碳通量相关性最高,呼吸与温度、降水、CO2均存在一定程度的正相关关系。NEP年际变化较大,主要受控于年降水量,以228 mm为界,年降水量大于此值时,NEP为正的概率较大。     

锡林河流域典型草原碳素生物小循环研究

应用生物地球化学分室方法研究了内蒙古锡林河流域2个典型草原群落——羊草草原和大针茅草原的碳素生物小循环,研究表明:①生长季禁牧的羊草草原植物分室碳素净固定量为165.50 gC.m-2,土壤分室碳素净排放量为174.36 gC.m-2,系统碳素净固定量为-8.86 gC.m-2,基本处于平衡状态,植物分室的碳输入和碳输出也近于平衡状态;②生长季禁牧的大针茅草原植物分室碳素固定量为130.04 gC.m-2,土壤分室碳素净排放量为128.28 gC.m-2,系统碳素净固定量为1.76 gC.m-2,基本处于平衡状态,植物分室的碳输入和碳输出在降水量大的年份以输入为主,在降水量小的年份近于平衡状态;③水热等生境条件较适宜的羊草草原碳素周转量比大针茅草原要大得多,水分是典型草原碳素循环量的主要影响因素。     

藻源性黑水团环境效应:对水-沉积物界面处Fe、Mn、S循环影响

通过室内静态实验培养装置模拟了蓝藻细胞大量聚集、沉降死亡后对水-沉积物界面处Fe、Mn、S循环的驱动作用.结果表明,藻细胞沉降到沉积物表面50min内,溶解氧就消耗殆尽,形成厌氧、强还原环境,使得界面处大量的铁锰氧化物和硫化物发生厌氧还原.实验进行到第4d沉积物-水界面处Fe2+、Mn2+含量达到峰值,含量分别为4.40mg/L、2.35mg/L;实验结束时Fe2+含量表现下降,浓度仅为3.37mg/L;Mn2+急剧降低,浓度为0.97mg/L.而S2-含量变化则表现为第2d达到最高,含量为0.63mg/L;此后浓度一直降低,实验结束后浓度为0.12mg/L.在实验结束后测定的0～1cm处沉积物的ORP值为-150mV,表明沉积物处于强还原状态.藻体死亡引起的黑水团现象,在驱动沉积物中Fe、Mn、S发生强烈的生物地球化学过程的同时,也将对水体生态环境产生极大的影响.     

环保型CO_2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环性能研究

由于CFCs和HCFCs人工合成制冷剂破坏大气臭氧层,并产生温室效应,因此用自然工质替代合成工质越来越受到国内外制冷界的重视。文章对环保型CO2制冷工质进行了综合评价,并利用热力学原理建立模型,分析了CO2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环的性能。结果表明:与CO2跨临界带节流阀制冷循环相比,CO2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环明显提高了系统的性能系数(COP)。同时在保持压缩机排气压力和膨胀机等熵效率一定时,CO2跨临界带膨胀机制冷循环系统COP随着气体冷却器出口温度的增加而逐渐降低,但随着蒸发温度的增加而快速增加。在实际系统设计过程中,应综合考虑以上影响因素,以使系统设计最优化。     

砷的发生、形态、污染源及地球化学循环

文章首先总结了砷在地表水、地下水、土壤、沉积物、岩石、大气中的含量和分布;归纳了砷的地球化学循环过程;分析了砷在水和土壤/沉积物固相中的形态;并重点阐述了砷在土壤和沉积物中的迁移转化机理。砷通常与Fe、Al、Mn的氧化物和氢氧化物、粘土矿物、硫化物、磷酸盐和碳酸盐矿物结合,砷的生物可用性和迁移性与其在土壤和沉积物中的形态有密切关系。文章最后定量阐述了砷的污染源,包括金属开采与冶炼,化学燃料的燃烧和含砷化学品使用。     

电路板环境应力筛选方法效能分析

论述了对设计、工艺成熟电路板组件的环境应力筛选方法,对比恒定高温、温度循环、温度冲击、振动及其组合筛选的筛选度,并进行效能比分析。通过对比各种应力对有较大共性的电路板组件筛选的分析,对GJB 1032进行适当裁减,提出了不少于10个温度循环加随机振动的筛选组合,以适应电路板板级筛选要求,提高效能比。     

旋转机械整周期数据采集

介绍了旋转机械整周期数据采集技术,提出了一种基于软件LABVIEW编程的方法,用光电编码器脉冲作为触发源,使用ADLINK DAQ2206数据采集卡采集的实验方案。采用整周期数据采集不仅能方便获得旋转机械的特征信息,而且方便数据的处理。     

一种土壤氡浓度测量方法的改进

通过对CDI-2000土壤测氡仪的排气方式和测量周期的分析,建立了新的测量方法。既充分利用了CDI-2000自动换片、自动抽气的优点,又在不影响测量精度的情况下提高了工作效率,节约了工作成本。     

煤与秸秆成型燃料的复合生命周期对比评价

利用复合生命周期对比评价方法,引入能量返还率、资源耗竭系数、环境影响负荷和生命周期成本4个参数,对煤和秸秆成型燃料在整个生命周期内的能源消耗、环境影响和经济性做了对比分析.同时,为了平衡能源、环境与经济三者之间的关系,建立EEE (Energy, Environment, Economic)综合指标进行整体评价.结果表明,在整个生命周期内,与煤相比,秸秆成型燃料的能量返还率低、资源耗竭系数小.秸秆成型燃料的全球变暖潜值、酸化潜值、富营养化潜值、工业烟尘、粉尘潜值及固体废弃物潜值均比煤小,因此,秸秆成型燃料的环境影响负荷比煤小.秸秆成型燃料的EEE指标值比煤小79.8%,所以,从平衡生命周期能源消耗、环境排放和经济性角度出发,秸秆成型燃料具有替代煤的潜力.但是,秸秆成型燃料的生命周期成本比煤高,其大力推广需要政府的财政补贴.     

Prospects for carbon-neutral housing: the influence of greater wood use on the carbon footprint of a single-family residence

This paper examines the energy and carbon balance of two residential house alternatives; a typical wood frame home using more conventional materials (brick cladding, vinyl windows, asphalt shingles, and fibreglass insulation) and a similar wood frame house that also maximizes wood use throughout (cedar shingles and siding, wood windows, and cellulose insulation) in place of the more typical materials used – a wood-intensive house. Carbon emission and fossil fuel consumption balances were established for the two homes based on the cumulative total of three subsystems: (1) forest harvesting and regeneration; (2) cradle-to-gate product manufacturing, construction, and replacement effects over a 100-year service life; and (3) end-of-life effects – landfilling with methane capture and combustion or recovery of biomass for energy production.The net carbon balance of the wood-intensive house showed a complete offset of the manufacturing emissions by the credit given to the system for forest re-growth. Including landfill methane emissions, the wood-intensive life cycle yielded 20 tons of CO₂e emissions compared to 72 tons for the typical house. The wood-intensive home's life cycle also consumed only 45% of the fossil fuels used in the typical house.Diverting wood materials from the landfill at the end of life improved the life cycle balances of both the typical and wood-intensive houses. The carbon balance of the wood-intensive house was 5.2 tons of CO₂e permanently removed from the atmosphere (a net carbon sink) as compared to 63.4 of total CO₂e emissions for the typical house. Substitution of wood fuel for natural gas and coal in electricity production led to a net energy balance of the wood-intensive house that was nearly neutral, 87.1 GJ energy use, 88% lower than the scenario in which the materials were landfilled.Allocating biomass generation and carbon sequestration in the forest on an economic basis as opposed to a mass basis significantly improves the life cycle balances of both houses. Employing an economic allocation method to the forest leads to 3–5 times greater carbon sequestration and fossil fuel substitution attributable to the house, which is doubled in forestry regimes that remove stumps and slash as fuel. Thus, wood use has the potential to create a significantly negative carbon footprint for a house up to the point of occupancy and even offset a portion of heating and cooling energy use and carbon emissions; the wood-intensive house is energy and carbon neutral for 34–68 years in Ottawa and has the potential to be a net carbon sink and energy producer in a more temperate climate like San Francisco.